0002/2025 - Mulheres, deslocamentos climáticos e violências: perspectivas para o cuidado em saúde
Women, climate change and violence: perspectives for health care
Autor:
• Fernanda Mendes Lages Ribeiro - Ribeiro, F.M.L - <fefe.mendeslr@gmail.com>ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-9758
Coautor(es):
• Cristiane Batista Andrade - Andrade, CB - <cristiane.andrade@fiocruz.br>ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1441-9171
Resumo:
O presente artigo de opinião tem como tema os deslocamentos forçados de mulheres em função de desastres climático-ambientais em seus territórios de origem e parte do caso recente do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil para discutir o fenômeno dos deslocamentos forçados pela destruição dos locais de moradia e iminente risco à vida, tomando criticamente a categoria desastres naturais. Além disso, registra alguns dos impactos de deslocamentos forçados sobre a vida e saúde de mulheres e suas famílias, como a exposição às violências de gênero, refletindo sobre as políticas de cuidado às mulheres em deslocamentos climáticos e em situação de violências. O texto guia-se pela perspectiva interseccional, visando subsidiar a análise sobre as vulnerabilidades e opressões vividas por mulheres e a necessidade de produção de políticas de saúde para um cuidado sensível e culturalmente localizado. Ademais, aponta que gênero, raça/cor de pele e nacionalidade, entre outros marcadores sociais relevantes a esta população, adicionam vulnerabilidades às vivências das mulheres em trânsito em decorrência dos desastres climáticos.Palavras-chave:
Migração Humana; Migração Interna; Desastre Climatológico; Violência contra a mulher; Cuidado.Abstract:
This opinion article focuses on the forced displacement of women due to climate-environmental disasters in their home territories. It startsthe recent case of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil to discuss the phenomenon of forced displacement due to the destruction of housing and imminent risk to life, critically considering the category of natural disasters. Furthermore, it records some of the impacts of forced displacement on the lives and health of women and their families, such as exposure to gender-based violence, reflecting on care policies for women in climate-related displacement and situations of violence. The text is guided by an intersectional perspective, aiming to support analyses on the vulnerabilities and oppressions experienced by women and the need to produce health policies for sensitive and culturally localized care. It points out that gender, race/skin color, and nationality, among other social markers relevant to this population, add vulnerabilities to the experiences of women in transit because of climate disasters.Keywords:
Human Migration; Internal Migration; Climatological Disaster; Violence Against Women; Care.Conteúdo:
Acessar Revista no ScieloOutros idiomas:
Women, climate change and violence: perspectives for health care
Resumo (abstract):
This opinion article focuses on the forced displacement of women due to climate-environmental disasters in their home territories. It startsthe recent case of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil to discuss the phenomenon of forced displacement due to the destruction of housing and imminent risk to life, critically considering the category of natural disasters. Furthermore, it records some of the impacts of forced displacement on the lives and health of women and their families, such as exposure to gender-based violence, reflecting on care policies for women in climate-related displacement and situations of violence. The text is guided by an intersectional perspective, aiming to support analyses on the vulnerabilities and oppressions experienced by women and the need to produce health policies for sensitive and culturally localized care. It points out that gender, race/skin color, and nationality, among other social markers relevant to this population, add vulnerabilities to the experiences of women in transit because of climate disasters.Palavras-chave (keywords):
Human Migration; Internal Migration; Climatological Disaster; Violence Against Women; Care.Ler versão inglês (english version)
Conteúdo (article):
Mulheres, deslocamentos climáticos e violências: perspectivas para o cuidado em saúdeWomen, climate change, and violence: healthcare perspectives
Fernanda Mendes Lages Ribeiro
Pesquisadora colaboradora do Departamento de Estudos de Violência e Saúde Jorge Careli, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Professora do Departamento de Psicologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. E-mail: fefe.mendeslr@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3766-9758.
Cristiane Batista Andrade
Pesquisadora do Departamento de Estudos de Violência e Saúde Jorge Careli, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. E-mail: cristiane.batista.andrade@gmail.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1441-9171.
Resumo
O presente artigo de opinião tem como tema os deslocamentos forçados de mulheres em função de desastres climático-ambientais em seus territórios de origem e parte do caso recente do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil para discutir o fenômeno dos deslocamentos forçados pela destruição dos locais de moradia e iminente risco à vida, tomando criticamente a categoria desastres naturais. Além disso, registra alguns dos impactos de deslocamentos forçados sobre a vida e saúde de mulheres e suas famílias, como a exposição às violências de gênero, refletindo sobre as políticas de cuidado às mulheres em deslocamentos climáticos e em situação de violências. O texto guia-se pela perspectiva interseccional, visando subsidiar a análise sobre as vulnerabilidades e opressões vividas por mulheres e a necessidade de produção de políticas de saúde para um cuidado sensível e culturalmente localizado. Ademais, aponta que gênero, raça/cor de pele e nacionalidade, entre outros marcadores sociais relevantes a esta população, adicionam vulnerabilidades às vivências das mulheres em trânsito em decorrência dos desastres climáticos.
Palavras-chave: Migração Humana; Migração Interna; Desastre Climatológico; Violência contra a mulher; Cuidado.
Abstract
This opinion article focuses on the forced displacement of women due to climate-environmental disasters in their home territories. It starts from the recent case of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil to discuss forced displacement due to the destruction of housing and imminent risk to life, critically considering the category of natural disasters. Furthermore, it records some of the impacts of forced displacement on the lives and health of women and their families, such as exposure to gender-based violence, reflecting on care policies for women in climate-related displacement and situations of violence. An intersectional perspective guides the text to support analyses of the vulnerability and oppression women experience and the need to produce health policies for sensitive and culturally localized care. It also points out that gender, ethnicity/skin color, and nationality, among other social markers relevant to this population, attach vulnerabilities to the experiences of women in transit because of climate disasters.
Keywords: Human Migration; Internal Migration; Climatological Disaster; Violence Against Women; Care.
INTRODUCTION
This article was written based on the authors’ experiences – self-declared white and feminist – with research on/with migrant women in the meeting between care and violence, focusing on moving in search of better living and working conditions. We are also faced with the severe environmental tragedy/disaster in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS)/Brazil in May 2024 and the cases of violence women, children, and young people suffered in shelters, which motivated the writing of this text. In this sense, we underscore, in particular, the grave public health issue that permeates the lives of women and their families, especially children and young people, in internal displacements – as is the case in RS – and throughout the Latin American continent.
In the case of RS, a massive flood hit 94% of municipalities, forcing more than 600,000 people to leave their homes, the most significant mass displacement in three decades.1-3 The current governor had authorized more than 480 changes to environmental regulations, making them more flexible, which aligns with the last administration of the federal government (2019-2022), weakening socio-environmental control policies and institutions and encouraging the predatory exploitation of natural resources. Moreover, there are historical disputes involving land ownership and possession, the exploitation of natural resources, the massive presence of large rural entrepreneurs, miners, and land grabbers, and the trivialized violence against peasants and traditional peoples, besides police violence, which mainly affects the North region4.
An event is considered a disaster when one identifies threats of “natural or technological origin, exposure, conditions of vulnerability and prevention and response capacities to reduce risks. Thus, a disaster requires a set of aspects that involve physical and social conditions”5 (p. 33), including processes generated naturally or by human action and that require institutional and governmental capacities for prevention, responses, “mitigation and rehabilitation, recovery, and reconstruction of living and health conditions”5 (p. 24). The extent of exposure, impacts, and recovery time is different for population groups and territories as a result of socioeconomic and living conditions, which must be considered in prevention and response actions that stimulate community resilience, understood as adaptation and “the process of adjusting the actual or expected climate, to climate variability, resulting from climate change, and its effects”5 (p. 42), encompassing the entire intersectoral network such as schools and health services.
In response to the disaster in RS, the federal government sent material, financial, and human resources, encouraging the displacement of health professionals from other regions to provide care to the local population. Numerous community solidarity networks were set up, involving civil society organizations, artists, social assistance professionals, and civil defense to rescue people and animals immediately. However, the ineffective State’s actions as a guarantor of human rights reiterates the need to develop public policies that guarantee people’s survival and the recovery and prevention of new disasters. Given the neoliberal projects implemented in RS and the dismantling of environmental legislation, swift and effective actions are needed to address this severe public health problem6.
This article aims to discuss climate-related displacements and the violence suffered by women along their journeys in order to make the issue visible and contribute to reflections to support the proposal or improvement of sensitive and culturally localized care actions. We bring the theoretical perspectives of intersectional studies, albeit briefly, to understand the oppression suffered by women during their displacements, presenting the debate on violence and health care so that their rights and protection are assured.
Women in forced climate displacement, oppression, and violence
“[...] all one has to do is look at our fractured lives and fragmented texts.”
(Gloria Anzaldúa).
Gloria Anzaldúa’s writing7 refers to the oppression endured by women in critical dialogue with issues of race, gender, class, sexuality, nationality, and geopolitics, considering and complexifying their social and historical contexts. Intersectional studies point out that, beyond the intersections of these analytical categories, there is a need to understand historicity to build a critical thought that interrogates a society intensely marked by the deleterious effects of coloniality, colonialism, and capitalism, in which women have been and continue to be subjugated by racism, sexism, and classism7–9.
From intersectionality, we can understand the diversity among women in the Latin American context, their specificities and oppression grounded on race, class, territory, and sexuality, understanding that Black and Indigenous women suffer from racism that structures social relationships, besides other marks of oppression in interconnected fashion9. Intersectionality, a theoretical and methodological path, was and is produced, above all, by Black, Chicana, poor, American, and Latin American women, who racialize oppressions and the consequent production of vulnerabilities, in contrast to white feminism that universalizes them, disregarding the marks of racism8,9.
Several global settings indicate that socio-environmental disasters that increasingly devastate countries and force many populations to be internally or internationally displaced are a predictable and diagnosable side effect of the colonial-predatory development model that characterizes the Western world, the result of the neoliberal capitalist mode of production that produces effects at a global level. Nature as a resource is exploited to exhaustion, destroying the diversity of flora and fauna, producing consequences that grow on an exponential scale10,11, such as global warming through deforestation, the emission of industrial pollutants, and the burning of fossil fuels. As a result of this regime, environmental imbalance directly and indirectly causes extreme weather conditions: droughts, floods, heat waves, fires, landslides, and other events created by the meeting of nature and the capitalist exploitative model.
This point is central to understanding the historical and social complexity of this serious public health issue. Depending on the intersections of oppression, the implications and effects of displacement will be more or less intense and severe. Women and girls are the most affected, deterritorialized vis-à-vis their spaces and life references. They suffer from gender-based violence that includes sexual violence, forced and child marriages, and struggle to access and remain in the Education and Health systems12.
Climate displacement data are scary. The Institute for Economics and Peace suggests that the number of people displaced by climate disasters could reach 1.2 billion by 2050. The World Bank states that there will be 216 million internally displaced people by the same year, and the UN indicates that 80% of people who have to leave their homes are women2,13.
The most affected by droughts, floods, and landslides are women from peripheral areas and Black women who, before the loss of housing and support networks, faced the reorganization of their lives, a lack of food and drinking water, and gender-based violence. Care work is escalated in environmental disasters, with implications for women’s physical and mental health14. This work involves actions and feelings of responsibility in activities with vulnerable or non-vulnerable people and is conducted by women in the domestic space, generally free of charge, or in the productive sphere, with hardly any social status and poor pay, and is considered exhausting.
Experiencing the effects of environmental disasters means, for women, having to deal with family care without informal support networks or even the State itself to continue moving forward with their lives. This assertion corroborates research on women and environmental disasters in Chile, Nepal, and Peru, where an increase in family and community care activities was observed, such as searching for drinking water and food, providing physical and emotional care to sick people and children, little time to find a job, besides concerns and uncertainties about future climate events16-18, circumstances that are interrelated with increased stress, especially among pregnant women, who face complications during pregnancy and the puerperal cycle16. Many women seek community alternatives to confront and prevent other disasters, often taking the lead in these movements, influencing the work overload in a neoliberal and patriarchal society16,17.
There are countless reports of violations of human rights to life, housing, and education, as the incidence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence intersected with sexism, racism, and xenophobia, besides robberies, thefts, and looting in stores and homes. Women and girls are the most exposed19 in all these cases. Maes13 affirms that the climate crisis disproportionately affects women, causing displacement and violence, school dropout, income loss, and child marriage. COVID-19, a global health emergency that has disproportionately affected populations, has exposed their intersectional marginalization to male control and gender-based violence, increasing several expressions of violence13,20.
Violence against women is not a new situation, especially in Latin America. In Brazil, from 2012 to 2022, 48,289 women were murdered. In 2022, 66.4% of the victims were Black and were 1.7 times more likely to be violated than non-Black women, highlighting the structural and institutional racism in Brazil. Most abuse occurs within homes and is committed by men known as relatives and (former)boyfriends/husbands21. In emergencies, some factors deteriorate this situation: sudden changes in family configurations, unemployment, temporary or permanent loss of home, high stress, weakened support networks, physical and mental illness, and suicidal ideas20.
While violence against women is a global reality, in forced displacement due to environmental disasters, with grave rights violations, it tends to worsen as women have to leave their territories in search of survival in temporary shelters and be separated from support networks, increasing their susceptibility to domestic and sexual violence and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Given the increase in alcohol consumption by partners, poverty, and violence suffered by intimate partners, stress affects a large proportion of women18.
Care policies for women in situations of violence in climate disasters
The harsh reality for women in RS who lost their lives or their families involves daily violence that did not cease during the disaster. They and their children faced violence, such as physical and sexual abuse in the shelters offered for their care, which was reported22,23 and led the Ministry of Women to draw up a protocol establishing the obligation of having “a place to make this type of complaint, women-exclusive bathrooms, exclusive shelters for women and children, psychological care and specific items among the donations that arrive in the state”22.
It is essential to establish actions to guarantee rights by formulating policies or making them more inclusive, encompassing the individual and collective dimensions in the face of the advancing unsustainable life process, which will affect an ever-increasing number of people and territories and require national governments and the international community to develop protective, care, and support actions1,2. Due to the heterogeneity of women who are displaced and their experiences, such actions need to be constructed respecting the specificities and intersections of oppression that make them vulnerable to different extents.
In the context of the RS disaster, the Bill that sets up the National Policy for Environmental and Climate Displacement (PNDAC) was filed in May 2024, establishing rights and guidelines for the Public Power’s protection, collectively constructed by the Marielle Franco Institute, the Duclima Institute and the South American Network for Environmental Migrations (RESAMA)1,2,24. The Bill guarantees rights and humanitarian response from the State, financial resources and strategies for rebuilding life, such as housing, work, and protection for displaced people and identification of vulnerable people2.
The Brazilian Federal Constitution and the Organic Health Law N° 8.080/90 guarantee access to health and social assistance for nationals and foreigners, regardless of their territory. Families in situations of vulnerability and social risk are entitled to benefits such as income redistribution25 and support in public calamities and emergencies26.
In order to make decisions and take action, it is necessary to know the profile of the people affected and their needs, including emergency measures such as shelter, legal, social, and psychological assistance, food and medicine, and medium and long-term measures for reintegration and reconstruction of lives, ensuring access to social policies in an intersectoral and interdisciplinary fashion. Given the situation predictive of new socio-environmental disasters, it is necessary to prepare documents with measures to be adopted to curb harm and protect the population2, including planning strategies to protect women and children, especially violence prevention.
Coordinating and reinforcing health, social assistance, other networks, and civil society is fundamental to strengthening public and private facilities, their professionals and managers, the community fabric, and family and neighborhood networks since they support and care for the population. In mental health, psychosocial care is geared towards attention and care for psychological distress, focusing on establishing links and intersectoral interventions based on the needs of individuals, families, and communities to minimize vulnerabilities and violence27 and ensure access to emergency services under gender specificities.
Bradley et al.18 recommend, from a gendered perspective of “secondary” violence associated with disasters, attention to the complex relationships between gender and violence and the development of actions to mitigate them. Spaces such as shelters should be well-lit and ensure privacy for families and gender-segregated bathrooms. Furthermore, communication channels for reporting violence and inter- and intra-sectoral care strategies to address risks associated with violence against women should be in place.
Professionals should be aware of the risk of increased violence against women and the importance of providing them with qualified support and listening. The psychosocial protection and care network needs to be strengthened and access guaranteed. As recommended by Ordinance N° 1271/2014, Health services must report suspected or confirmed cases of violence against vulnerable populations to generate information for decision-making in specific cases and improve policies to address and ensure rights20.
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
In the face of the contemporary situation, whose exploitative model points to an increase in emergencies and disasters caused by human action, which directly affects the Global South, we expect an increase in the displacement of vulnerable populations, with loss of territorial reference, deaths, and violence.
Women already accumulate intersecting oppressions exacerbated by coloniality and colonialism, having the worst living, working, and eating conditions, subjectively and materially combining productive and reproductive care work. They are expelled from their homes and leave voluntarily or involuntarily, searching for better living conditions or survival for themselves and their families, notably children and young people. In climate-related displacements, returning to original territories may or may not be possible, thus requiring attention, protection, and care to rebuild lives. Therefore, local networks should be strengthened to support this process and ensure that no woman is exposed to violence during emergency and medium- and long-term actions since they have the fundamental right to life and health.
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