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INTRODUCTION
The first issue of Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva (C&SC) was published in the second half of 19961. It will complete thirty years of history in the production and dissemination of Brazilian Collective Health scientific knowledge in 2025. Throughout this relevant trajectory, C&SC has stood out as one of the leading national scientific journals for disseminating Food and Nutrition (F&N) knowledge, as attested by previous studies2-4.
A systematic review study by Fonseca et al.4 aimed to analyze C&SC’s scientific F&N production from 1996 to 2019 and identified that 509 articles (11.5%) of 4,414 C&SC works were published on F&N. This study4 revealed that the themes most frequently addressed by the F&N articles published were Nutritional Status Assessment (n=142), Food Consumption (n=111), Nutrition Policies and Programs (n=105), Breastfeeding (n=35), Behavioral Nutrition (n=35), and Nutrition Education (n=23). Most publications were original articles (75.6%) and predominantly quantitative (81.6%), and among these, 18.8% used probabilistic sampling. The study concluded that a wide range of themes and subthemes were addressed, evidencing a production with commitment and relevant contribution to Nutrition.
In the last five years (2020-2024), Brazil has experienced important events in its economic, social, and political context, including the health crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020. This event deteriorated the economic, financial, and political crisis established in Brazil as of 2015, leading to an increase in unemployment, poverty, and misery rates and, consequently, food and nutritional insecurity (FNI) and hunger rates5-9.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Report was published in 2021 and once again included Brazil on the world hunger map10, from which the country had left in 2014 when it recorded a rate of 3% of the population consuming fewer calories than recommended11. FAO reported more than 60 million Brazilians with food insecurity (FI) in 2021, of which 15.4 million had severe FI and 4.1% suffered from chronic lack of food10.
In turn, the II National Survey on Food Insecurity in the COVID-19 Pandemic (VIGISAN) by the Brazilian Research Network on Food and Nutrition Sovereignty and Security (PENSSAN) performed from November 2021 to April 2022 revealed that 125.2 million Brazilians were living without full or continuous access to food, meaning that more than half of the population showed some FI level, with 33.1 million having severe FI12.
Since 2023, under the leadership of the new government, we have observed a growing reduction in unemployment, poverty, and hunger rates in the country13,14. The 2024 United Nations Report on the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World showed an 85% drop in severe FI in Brazil. This report also revealed that the number of people affected by severe FI (hunger) was 17.2 million in 2022, falling to 2.5 million Brazilians in 202314.
It is necessary to understand “How many, what themes, and what are the main methodological and bibliometric characteristics of the articles published in F&N by C&SC in the last five years”? This was the research question that guided this article, which aimed to analyze the F&N scientific production by C&SC from 2020 to 2024.
METHODS
We conducted a narrative review of F&N articles published in C&SC from 2020 to 2024. The C&SC technical-administrative sector facilitated the list of articles published by the Journal in the period analyzed. A spreadsheet was created in Microsoft Excel® software to check the articles published on the Journal’s homepage when data was extracted. We identified 66 articles published during this period. The studies were organized into seven thematic groups per the absolute frequency and percentage of publications: A) Food Consumption; B) Food and Nutrition Policies and Programs; C) Nutritional Status Assessment; D) Food System and Environment; E) Food Technology and Labeling; F) Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding; and G) Food and Nutrition Education.
The following variables were analyzed from the previous study by Fonseca et al.4: publication year, topics covered, article type (original, narrative review, systematic review, editorial, opinion article, critical review, or letter), study type (quantitative, qualitative, or qualitative-quantitative), population group studied (neonates, infants, schoolchildren, adolescents, adult women, adult men, adults of both sexes, older adults, pregnant women, lactating women, postpartum women, and mother-and-child group), minority groups (Indigenous, women, Black people, people with disabilities, low-income people, older adults, and LGBTQIAPN+ people), probabilistic sample (yes or no), study conducted in Brazil (yes or no), and the first author’s education background and institution. The results were subjected to a descriptive analysis, presented in tables, and subsequently discussed.
RESULTS
Bibliometric characteristics of the F&N articles published from 2020 to 2024
According to data shown in Table 1, among the 66 articles published from 2020 to 2024, the most addressed F&N topics in the C&SC Journal, in decreasing order of frequency, were Food Consumption (33.3%), F&N Policies and Programs (24.2%), Nutritional Status Assessment (22.7%), Food System and Environment (13.6%), Food Technology and Labeling (3.0%), Introduction of Complementary Feeding (1.5%), and Food and Nutrition Education (1.5%). Within these themes, the main subthemes addressed by the analyzed articles were: Nutritional Status Assessment and its Determinants (21.2%), Food and Nutrition Security (16.7%), Food consumption or Food Groups (13.6%), Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods (7.6%), and School Meals (4.5%).
TABELA 1
Table 2 reveals that 87.9% of the articles published between 2020 and 2024 were original; most were quantitative (89.8%) and adopted probabilistic sampling (50%). The most frequent population groups were adolescents (18.2%) and children (15.2%). Approximately 9.1% of these studies investigated minority groups. Most works were developed by Brazilian researchers (98.5%), and only one study was conducted by researchers from Barcelona, Spain.
Regarding the first authors’ academic background, most were in Nutrition (87.9%), but we also identified researchers with backgrounds in Nursing (4.5%), Physical Education (3.0%), Biological Sciences (3.0%), and Medicine (1.5%). The first authors were linked to more than 30 institutions, and the three that had the most frequent publications were the University of São Paulo (12.1%), the Federal University of Viçosa (9.1%), and the Federal University of Bahia (6.1%).
TABELA 2
DISCUSSION
Articles published on Food Consumption
The number of articles on food consumption published in the last five years (2020-2024) decreased compared to previous years analyzed by Fonseca et al.4, and the topics covered also diversified. Among the subthemes studied by the 22 articles on food consumption, we highlight a study on the consumption of foods that are healthy eating markers in racial groups of women in Brazil, derived from the 2019 National Health Survey, with 45,148 white and Black women aged 20 or over15. Another study described the dietary patterns obtained through three diet quality indices and their associated factors among 15,081 participants in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)16. Another article on food consumption investigated the factors associated with the total antioxidant capacity of the Brazilian population’s diet (CATd) in 46,164 people aged 10 or over, based on data from the 2017-2018 Household Budget Survey (POF)17.
Regarding the health outcomes of diet and its impact on dyslipidemia, a population-based study in adults found a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (64.25%), with at least one of the serum lipids altered18. Another article within this theme studied common mental disorders and eating habits, observing a prevalence of 31.3% in adults and older adults (20 years or older)19. Another article published during the period evaluated investigated chrononutrition (meal frequency and timing), diet quality, and its association with perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on a population-based study conducted in two Brazilian cities, with 2,170 individuals aged 18 or older20.
Notably, the only study published assessing food consumption among children was in children under 10, among participants in the Crescer Saudável – Brasil (2015-2018) (Growing Up Healthy) Program, comparing its coverage before and after implementation, with data from 548 municipalities, registered in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System of the Ministry of Health by geographic region. This study indicated a higher coverage of food consumption assessment in monitoring the nutritional status of children but highlighted that actions would still be needed to favor the mapping of the children’s food and nutritional outlook in Brazil21. The association between dietary patterns and perception of body image among schoolchildren was evaluated in adolescents aged 10-17. It indicated that those who wanted a silhouette were less likely to adhere to the lower consumption of the Western pattern than those satisfied with their body image22. Another study with ninth-graders (499 students) found that the pattern of eating behavior and purchasing of natural and minimally processed foods was strongly associated with the consumption of healthy foods23.
Also, on food consumption, three studies were published on the consumption of specific nutrients. The first was a study comparing cases of beriberi (clinical manifestation of severe and prolonged thiamine deficiency – Vitamin B1) among Brazilian Indigenous and non-Indigenous people24. The second adopted a more current approach to food consumption. It evaluated foods sold under the term “fit” in Brazil, which have shown a growing supply but still lack regulation, classifying the processing and nutrient profile of foods offered in commercial establishments based on the criteria of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). This second article pointed out that 79% of the 146 foods analyzed were classified as ultra-processed, with a high prevalence of critical nutrients, but with claims that extol some positive feature of the product, which could mislead consumers25. The third article evaluated the intake of dietary fiber in adolescents and found that fiber consumption fell short of the recommendations proposed by the World Health Organization and was lower than the results found in other countries26.
Publications on consumption assessment methods published in the last five years revealed a significant reduction in food consumption compared to the publications analyzed in the first 30 years of the C&SC journal, with five articles in 2020-2024 (22.7%) and ten articles in 1996-2019 (62.5%).
Two of the five published studies conducted a scoping review and aimed to identify and discuss the literature on tools for assessing and promoting adequate and healthy eating produced based on the Brazilian Population Dietary Guidelines27 and the validation process and methodology of FI perception scales in different parts of the world28. The other studies assessed the validity of instruments in different age groups, such as the assessment of food consumption in older adults29, the assessment of the university food environment30, and the adaptation of an instrument to assess the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes in Brazilian adolescents31.
We observed a slight increase in publications in the last 5 years in the subitem consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF), with five articles (6.6%) compared to the three articles (3.0%) analyzed by Fonseca et al.4. Considering the smaller number of years of the current review and the concern with the impact of these processed foods on the quality of the population’s diet, there is a trend towards more investigations on this topic. Ultra-processing of food aims at convenience, durability, and easy consumption of food. However, this technology alters the composition and creates food products with low fiber content, high energy density, glycemic load, saturated/hydrogenated fats, and colorings and flavorings32, and the increased consumption of these foods was the highlight of three studies.
Cruz et al.33 used data collected by the population survey (POF 2008-2009) and with a subsample of the total households (24.3% of the total), and found that UPF negatively affect the quality of people’s diet, with a significantly lower dietary fiber intake. Another study with 956 6-year-old schoolchildren and their mothers or caregivers from a municipality in the Brazilian south showed that lower maternal schooling and studying in public school were associated with higher UPF consumption in children in this age group34. A study with adult pregnant women assisted by the Unified Health System (SUS) in Ribeirão Preto found that the energy percentage of UPF revealed a direct association with the pre-gestational body mass index (BMI) and an inverse association with maternal age, economic stratum, and energy under-reporting35.
Another study on caloric and non-caloric sweeteners in industrialized products observed that product packaging displays inconsistent amounts of these additives and that they can easily exceed permitted limits, especially in products intended for children36. Notably, the increasing consumption of UPF is a public health problem, as it is related to the emergence of diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, asthma, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, intestinal disorders, and cancer in general37, besides lifestyle changes, such as eating out and lack of time to prepare food, favor the consumption of these foods by greater promotions in food delivery applications38.
In summary, articles on food consumption discussed diet quality and its markers, addressing healthy eating, dietary patterns and body image, consumption of UPF, impact on morbidities, micronutrient deficiency, and food and nutritional surveillance. This was the topic with the highest frequency of F&N publications in the period analyzed.
Articles published on Food and Nutrition Policies and Programs
From 2020 to 2024, 19 studies were published on F&N Policies and Programs, 10 on Food and Nutrition Security (FNS), and five on School Meals. No articles were found in F&N on Occupational Health, which is a crucial topic for Collective Health.
Regarding the FNS subtheme, we should underscore that the issue of the causes and mechanisms to combat hunger in Brazil started to emerge in the early 1930s. When analyzing the FNS trajectory in Brazil from 1930 to the 2000s, we realize that challenges, setbacks, and significant advances39,40 marked this period. In the last five years, regarding FNS, C&SC has observed changes in the methods of the most recent articles against the previous ones. The recently published articles did not limit themselves to outlining FI’s epidemiological profile based on the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Security Scale (EBIA) in evaluating intersectorality and the impact of income transfer programs on FNS as the previous manuscripts did41-43.
There was an increase in articles that used complex analyses, such as factor analysis44, factor analysis, and spatial distribution in different geographic strata45, analysis of FI data from national surveys45,46 and official documents and publications47, contributions from food and nutrition surveillance public FNS policies and actions48, assessment of food expenditure by social profile of the household head with data from the POF (2017/2018)49, and assessment of home FI in high-risk children assisted in health centers50.
Conducting a synthesis of the methods employed by studies published on F&N Policies and Programs in the journal, Fernandes et al.44 aimed to identify patterns of behavior in pregnant women related to body energy balance and its association with FI during prenatal monitoring in public health units in Colombo (PR), Brazil, between 2018 and 2019, using factor analysis and comparing scores with FNI levels.
Amaral et al.45 analyzed FI-associated factors and their trends and spatial distribution in different geographic strata, considering the impact of the crisis or austerity policies based on national surveys, such as the National Household Sampling Survey (PNAD) and the Household Budget Survey (POF) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE).
Based on data from the 2017-2018 POF, Silva et al.46 evaluated the food consumption of the Brazilian population per the level of processing and in food groups/subgroups in the different FI dimensions. Oliveira et al.47, in turn, analyzed the official documents produced nationally and published between 2003 and 2019 from the perspective of monitoring and evaluation, conducting documentary analysis and contextualization based on the dimensions of Decree N° 7.272/201039.
Two studies on FI and COVID-19 were also published in C&SC based on analyses of official documents. Rabello et al.51, based on a documentary review, analyzed how public agencies and institutions in the capitals of the Southeast guided the actions of the School Meals Program (PNAE). The authors found that COVID-19 compromised the FNS of students served by the PNAE due to late government measures that were contrary to the program’s guidelines, besides suspended in-person classes.
Ribeiro-Silva et al.52 detailed the implications of COVID-19 for FNS and emphasized that the risks to FI and hunger in Brazil had already been evident since 2016. They were aggravated by the pandemic, which requires an in-depth understanding of the problems and coordinated government measures in the three spheres of management to guarantee access to adequate and healthy food to mitigate the adverse impacts of the disease on the diet, health, and nutrition of the most vulnerable.
The National School Meals Policy (PNAE) aims to stimulate improved eating habits, encourage local food trade and production, and the family farming food marketing, making it a fundamental FNS strategy and the realization of the human right to adequate food (HRAF). However, no article published in C&SC in the last five years has focused on evaluating this Policy properly. Notably, school meal is a key factor in promoting healthy F&N practices that aim to ensure FNS4,53. The publications used different methods and objectives to assess the subtheme of school meals. Becker et al.54 described the impact of juice consumption before six months of age on body mass index for age and food consumption in preschool children. On the other hand, the systematic review conducted by Muraro et al.55 evaluated the association between school meals, eating behavior, diet quality, FNI, and BMI among Brazilian students. In this study, school meals were associated with a healthier diet among students. They were vital for children from vulnerable families, as pointed out by Silva et al.53. Despite the importance of school meals for students, Vianna et al.56 found that adequate adherence to school meals (consumption 4-5 days a week) was low among students (38.1%), highlighting the need to sensitize students about the importance of school food.
In summary, in the last five years, F&N Policies and Programs studies have focused mainly on evaluating FNS. Studies that used factor analysis, spatial distribution, and national survey data to understand the factors associated with FI increased. However, no articles on F&N in Occupational Health were identified despite the relevance of the topic for Collective Health. PNAE was poorly explored in the published articles, although school meal is recognized as an essential FNS strategy for promoting healthy habits. Also, FNS and school meals studies did not include minority groups (quilombolas, Indigenous people, farmers, and settlers), highlighting gaps in the literature on equity in access to adequate food. Notably, this was the topic with the second-highest frequency of publications in the period analyzed.
Articles published on Nutritional Status Assessment
The theme of Nutritional Status Assessment (NSA) has remained prominent in the scientific production published in the C&SC journal over the last five years (2020-2024), representing 21.7% (n=15) of the F&N articles analyzed in this study. This theme remained among the three most recurrent, reaffirming its centrality in Collective Health and Nutrition research.
Among the articles identified, the focus on assessing the nutritional status and its determinants predominated (93.3%), while only one article specifically addressed nutritional assessment methods, pointing to a gap in the production of studies with a methodological focus. Cross-sectional studies also prevailed, with different population approaches and diverse socio-territorial contexts emphasizing vulnerable population groups. Studies involving children under five stand out, such as that by Pedraza et al.57, which investigated the association between children’s nutritional status and the structure of health services, and that by Oliveira et al.58, which analyzed social determinants of nutritional status in children under five in contexts of greater socioeconomic vulnerability. Both studies adopted probabilistic samples and showed the importance of living conditions and access to health services in determining children’s nutritional status.
Regarding pregnant women, the study by Lisboa et al.59 investigated the nutritional and socioeconomic aspects of women who benefit from the Bolsa Família (Family Aid) Program, highlighting how income transfer policies relate to nutritional indicators during the pregnancy-puerperal cycle.
Other studies focused on adults and older adults, with investigations into overweight, BMI, abdominal obesity, and their associated factors, as observed in Domingos et al.60 and Augusto et al.61. These studies point to the relationship between the urban environment, social determinants and the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), underscoring the relevance of an intersectoral approach in health promotion and disease prevention.
Most studies were conducted in Brazil (93.3%) by authors with a Nutrition background and affiliated with public higher education institutions, especially in the Northeast and Southeast. This profile reaffirms the commitment of national academic production to the Brazilian reality, highlighting the role of public universities in formulating scientific knowledge committed to health equity.
We conclude that although NSA is a consolidated theme, the reduced number of studies with a specific focus on assessment methods, especially considering technological advances and innovations in anthropometric and biochemical indicators, suggests the need to encourage research with methodological depth. Furthermore, we should underscore that few studies have included the analysis of minority groups or adopted an intersectional perspective in the approach to NSA, representing a challenge for the construction of a more inclusive and inequality-sensitive field.
Articles published on Food System and Environment
Unlike the previous study4, the present study identified an emerging theme in articles published from 2020 to 2024: ‘food system and environment’. Similarly, a scoping review that investigated scientific production on food environments from 2005 to 2022 also pointed to a significant increase in the number of publications from 2018 onwards (n=11), with a peak in 2022 (n=33)62. This growing scientific interest in this topic may be associated with the urgency to understand the influence of the food system and environment on global challenges, such as malnutrition, obesity, and climate change63.
To analyze the subthemes associated with the food environment, this article adopted the classification by Glanz et al.64 as a reference for categorizing the articles published in C&SC. Thus, the food environment articles analyzed were classified into the following subthemes: community food, food consumption, and organizational environment. Also, one article that addressed the subtheme food system was identified. Notably, there was a predominance of quantitative studies with cross-sectional, ecological, and descriptive designs among the food environment articles. We observed a preference for approaches that seek to portray the current outlook of Brazilian food environments, with a notable prominence of research conducted by researchers linked to federal universities located in the state of Minas Gerais.
Thus, we identified that in the food environment theme, five articles addressed the community food environment subtheme. Research was more frequent (n=4) in Minas Gerais (MG), while only one was conducted in Paraná (PR). In Minas Gerais, one of the studies showed the predominance of unhealthy establishments around schools in a rural city of the state65. In the capital of Minas Gerais, an article observed a higher density of food establishments in high-income areas close to the Health Academy Program facilities66. At the same time, another found a higher concentration in areas without Public FNS Facilities67. In Minas Gerais, an evolution of food environments was observed between 2008 and 2020, with a reduction in food deserts and an increase in food swamps, highlighting the challenges in promoting equitable food environments68. In Paraná, the study by Silva et al.69 conducted in Curitiba revealed disparities in access to food, with street markets concentrated downtown and a shortage of fruits, vegetables, and greens in low-income areas.
The subtheme of food consumption environment was addressed in two studies that highlighted fluctuations in food consumption outside the home over time in Brazilian households70 and food promotion patterns in supermarkets in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro71. The organizational environment subtheme aspects were explored in a study with adolescents from state schools in Curitiba (PR), revealing that three out of four adolescents exceed the recommended screen time, especially television and portable devices, associated with a poorer quality diet.72 Finally, the review by Pineda et al.73 on food systems in Brazil, Colombia, and Panama pointed out common challenges among the countries, such as the predominance of agribusiness and its adverse impacts, reinforcing the need for transitions to fairer, healthier, and more sustainable food systems.
In general terms, publications from the last five years show a growing scientific interest in the “food system and environment” theme, which was not identified in the previous study by Fonseca et al.4. In this study, this theme appeared as the fourth most frequent. The results reveal the predominance of quantitative articles focused on food environments, especially community-based ones, conducted chiefly by federal universities in Minas Gerais. Only one article reviewed the literature on the “food system”. These findings indicate the need to expand research on other types of food environments, such as organizational and consumption environments, and promote studies in different Brazilian regions. The articles analyzed address inequalities in access to healthy foods, the concentration of unhealthy food establishments, and the challenges of promoting more equitable and sustainable food systems in Latin American countries.
Articles published on Food Technology and Labeling
Two articles addressed the interface between technology and food labeling. Fonseca et al.4 identified six studies on food technology in F&N publications (1996-2019) but none on labeling in F&N publications between 1996 and 2019. The studies analyzed adopted, respectively, a quantitative74 and an essay approach75. In summary, in a quantitative study conducted in supermarkets on sodium reduction agreements76, Ricardo et al.74 concluded that these agreements are insufficient and advocate mandatory measures due to the high consumption of sodium and ultra-processed foods in Brazil. Cortese et al.75 conducted a critical review of the labeling of GMOs in Brazil, arguing that current legislation and the approval of PLC N° 34/201577 harm the consumer’s informed choice, violating the Consumer Defense Code.
Articles published on Introduction of Complementary Feeding and Food and Nutrition Education
A low frequency of articles on introduction to complementary feeding and Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) was observed, similar to the 2020 study, which found only 6.9% on breastfeeding and complementary feeding and 4.5% on FNE in 509 F&N articles published in C&SC in the 1996-2019 period. The studies analyzed adopted a mixed approach and autobiographical essay, respectively.
Although Fonseca et al.4 identified an increase in publications on breastfeeding from 2010 to 2018, this survey found only one recent study on Introduction to Complementary Feeding that found a violation of NBCAL on Instagram, highlighting the need for digital marketing regulation78. Regarding FNE, some authors point out that its development was more evident in public policies than in research, requiring socio-historical approaches and problematizing methodologies.79,80 In this review, only one FNE study was published in the last 5 years in the C&SC. The review by Rizzolo et al.81 highlights the influence of studies on social inequalities in their trajectories as educators, coordinating Popular Education and FNE in actions to combat hunger and guarantee the HRAF.
CONCLUSION
The analysis of F&N scientific production in the 2020-2024 period of the C&SC revealed a predominance of studies on Food Consumption and F&N Policies and Programs, emphasizing the FNS policy. However, gaps were identified in studies on food consumption, especially in the adoption of advanced assessment methodologies. Moreover, the articles related to F&N Policies and Programs did not address Occupational Health or school meals aimed at minority groups, highlighting areas that require greater attention and in-depth study.
There was a lack of F&N studies that explored advanced nutritional assessment methodologies, including technological innovations in biochemical and anthropometric indicators. Studies on Food Environment, Technology, and Food Labeling appeared as emerging themes in the period analyzed. Publications from the last five years revealed an emerging theme, namely, “food system and environment”, with a predominance of quantitative studies focused on community environments conducted mainly in Minas Gerais.
The need to expand research to other contexts and regions is highlighted, given the relevance of the topic to address inequalities and promote fairer and more sustainable food systems. Food technology and labeling topics were addressed explicitly in studies with a quantitative and critical review focus. Therefore, there was a shortage of publications on the subject, as already pointed out in the previous study that analyzed 1996-2020 publications, where the issue of labeling emerged in this analyzed period. The findings highlight the insufficient regulatory measures regarding the consumption of ultra-processed foods and the need to improve legislation to ensure the consumer’s right to information and choice.
We also noted a persistent shortage of publications on the introduction of complementary feeding and FNE in C&SC. Research on food introduction, and FNE remained limited, emphasizing the need to regulate the marketing of baby food online and coordinate actions between FNE and Popular Education in tackling food and nutritional insecurity.
In general, the articles published in C&SC had a limited approach to the inclusion of minority groups, which highlights an opportunity for methodological in-depth study and greater sensitivity to social inequalities. Thus, to advance science and formulate more egalitarian F&N policies, it is essential to promote the inclusion of minority groups, strengthening the commitment to guaranteeing the HRAF and Collective Health.






















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