Artigos

Conteúdo (article):

Public debate about homoparenting on the web in Brazil: a virtual ethnography

André Inácio da Silva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, andreinacio97@hotmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7086-677X
João Caio Silva Castro Ferreira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, joaovscaio@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0921-3750
Maiara Basseto Sena, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, maiara.sena.07@hotmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0182-1057
Lucas Signori, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, signorilucas@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5386-7957
Fernando Hellmann, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, hellmann.fernando@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4692-0545
Sonia Silva Marcon, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, soniasilva.marcon@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6607-362X
Anderson Reis de Sousa, Universidade Federal da Bahia, son.reis@hotmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8534-1960

Resumo:
Com o objetivo de analisar o debate público acerca da homoparentalidade na rede social Instagram® no Brasil, conduziu-se um estudo netnográfico qualitativo. Um total de 140 postagens, que incluíam dados textuais e imagéticos, foi submetido à Análise de Conteúdo Temático Reflexivo, ancorada na Teoria da Identidade Social. Da análise emergiram quatro temas: Afirmação das identidades homoparentais nas redes sociais digitais; Construção e fortalecimento do autoconceito da identidade homoparental; Desafios na manutenção dos princípios de aceitação da identidade homoparental; Ampliação da construção de endogrupo e exogrupo para a promoção da identidade homoparental. Os resultados apontam que as redes sociais desempenham um papel fundamental na disseminação das identidades homoparentais e oferecem um espaço relevante para o debate público sobre a homoparentalidade, contribuindo para a construção do autoconceito identitário. O debate público online sobre a homoparentalidade revela a resistência e a mobilização política das identidades homoparentais, apesar das dificuldades sociais e dos estigmas persistentes.
Palavras-chave: Minorias Sexuais e de Gênero; Saúde da Família; Redes Sociais Online; Poder Familiar; Saúde Pública.

Abstract
We conducted a qualitative netnographic study to analyze public debate on homoparentality on Instagram® in Brazil. Drawing on the Social Identity Theory, a reflexive thematic analysis was performed of textual and visual data from 140 posts, resulting in four core themes: affirmation of homoparental identities on digital social networks; construction and strengthening of self-concept of homoparental identity; challenges in maintaining the principles of acceptance of homoparental identity; and expanding the construction of in-group and out-group for the promotion of homoparental identity. The findings show that social media play a fundamental role in disseminating homoparental identities and provide a significant space for public debate on homoparentality, contributing to the construction of self-concept of identity. Online public debate on homoparentality reveals the resistance and political mobilization of homoparental identities, despite social challenges and persistent stigma.
Keywords: Sexual and Gender Minorities; Family Health; Online Social Networks; Parental Power; Public Health.

Introduction
The debate surrounding parenting used to be limited to traditional heterosexual families. However, as the sociopolitical movement propelled by lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transvestites, transsexuals/transgender people, queers, intersex, asexual, and pansexual people, non-binary people and other categories of sexual orientation and gender identity (LGBTQIAPN+) gains momentum, the right to homoparenting has become real for this segment of the population¹ and increasingly visible in the media². This right is therefore in constant dispute within the scope of law in Brazil³. However, homoparenting remains a secondary issue on the public health agenda¹.
A scope review¹ of studies in Brazil investigating LGBTQIAPN+ health corroborates the above and reveals that only one of the 381 publications analyzed addressed homoparenting. Gaps in research on this topic in the realm of public health¹ have also been highlighted by studies in the area of pyschology4,5, which suggest that public debate on this topic is marked by prejudice, labelling and stigma that affect the experience of homoparental families due to invisibility4,5.
This situation diverges from the formative purpose of the field of public health, which is intended to support the needs of the population. This purpose includes reinforcing the defense of human rights and guaranteeing social movements both sociopolitical and legal visibility, with the aim of contributing to diversity and health promotion1,6.
In legal and political terms, the debate on homoparenting in Brazil is still recent and permeates some milestones, including: the recognition of same-sex union by the Supreme Court in 2011; the prohibition of registry offices from refusing to perform same-sex marriages by the National Council of Justice in 2013⁷; and the facilitation of co-parenting by same-sex couples through access to reproductive technologies, deliberated by the Federal Council of Medicine⁶-⁸.
Despite these advances, same-sex couples in Brazil frequently face obstacles to co-parenting, including rejection and aggression from their families and community of origin due to prejudice associated with the heteronormative/heterocentric family model and more especially religious influence. On the other hand, social media has emerged as a tool that can support LGBTQIAPN+ people in the family formation process. Online platforms or digital social networks provide spaces for recognizing and legitimizing families formed by same-sex parents. Posts on homoparenting3,4,5 challenge strict norms of family configuration, questioning socially imposed heteronormativity and promoting the recognition of homoparental families.
Considering the potential of public health initiatives for increasing the visibility of the needs of minority groups, it is therefore essential to prioritize LGBTQIAPN+ health as an urgent collective need. This involves the identification of the specific needs of subgroups and issues shared across the community as a whole. It is crucial to establish a direct significant connection with this segment of the population, including informal discussions on social media platforms to effectively address existing social issues⁹. In this sense, in methodological terms, netnography has revealed itself to be a useful method for investigating virtual environments. Consisting of various forms (virtual ethnography, webnography, digital ethnography, social media ethnography and online ethnography), this method warrants attention and further research¹⁰.
This study therefore seeks to respond the following question: How is the process of producing and exchanging information about homoparenting on the web configured in Brazil? The aim of this study was to analyze public debate on homoparenting on Instagram® in Brazil.

Methods
We conducted a qualitative virtual ethnographic study10-12. Also known as netnography, this method is an adaptation of the traditional ethnographic procedures of participant observation to the specificities of computer-mediated social interaction. In this approach, virtual interactions are used as data sources to attain an understanding and ethnographic representation of a cultural phenomenon, appropriating the internet as a research instrument, setting and object10,12.
The netnographic research process involves five stages: definition of the research questions; identification and selection of the part of the internet to be studied; entry into the field for data collection – with participant observation or not; data analysis and interpretation; and the reporting of results in articulation with the theory. These stages form the methodological basis for investigating cultural phenomena in social interactions mediated by electronic devices12,13.
This study used non-participant observation, in which researchers silently observe a specific social group with the minimum of interference. This allows the researcher to perform a more authentic examination of the phenomenon, capturing natural behaviors of the community in the context of their daily lives, without directly intervening as a physically present participant¹⁴. However, despite the many advantages of virtual ethnography using non-participant observation – including time and cost savings, lower levels of subjectivity due to the availability of transcribed testimonies and interviews, and the less intrusive nature of the method – one of the limitations of this technique is the potential loss of depth and breadth of understanding of the phenomenon of interest¹².
To meet the study objectives, a data collection protocol was developed and implemented between July and August 2023. The protocol was designed to obtain information pertinent to the analysis of posts and manifestations in comments on Instagram® profiles. The following data were collected: date of publication, image content, transcription of the content of the text, title and description of the profile, number of followers and access link. Instagram was chosen as the study setting because, together with the other networks belonging to Meta Platforms®, it is part of the group of social networks with the largest number of active users worldwide.
To obtain the data, we clicked on the search icon on the Instagram® home page and typed the keyword “homoparenting” to find publications that met the following inclusion criteria: publicly available posts with content related to homoparenting. It is worth noting that exclusion criteria were not adopted to avoid increasing selectivity and maintain sample scope and representativeness. These criteria were applied to obtain the broadest and deepest possible perspective of public debate on the topic, ensuring that the posts selected were relevant to the analysis of the object of study.
The keyword was preceded by a hashtag. Hashtags enable the instant grouping of messages and metadata from various people who use the same keyphrase in posts due to a common interest, resulting in an open-access automated system for counting and assessing frequencies related to a topic of interest¹⁵.
The search strategy was performed in two distinct stages: scrolling of the Google Chrome 2.0® web browser search results page, together with the reading of the material, information and biographies in the posts found, excluding those that were not relevant to the object of study; reading of the full-version of the posts and comments, including those that met the inclusion criteria in the database.
The data collection period was November 2017-August 2023. This period was chosen to ensure the inclusion of the period after the introduction of Law 13509, addressing issues such as voluntary surrender, withdrawal of parental authority, and fostering, custody and adoption of children and adolescents. The legalization of homoparenting marks a milestone for same-sex couples who wish to realize their desire to be parents.
The data were obtained dynamically from the content in the posts, imported into an Excel spreadsheet (version 365), transcribed and systematized into an organized dataset, creating a corpus. A thematic analysis of the corpus was performed in three stages: pre-analysis, exploration of the material and treatment of the results. Data collection was continued until theoretical saturation was reached¹⁶.
The post identification and selection process is illustrated in the flow diagram in Figure 1. The key elements of the analytical data set are outlined in a synoptic table created by the authors. To ensure documentation quality, the current study applied the criteria for methodological rigor set out in the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ).
Figure 1

In the pre-analysis stage, the material was skim-read, followed by a detailed reading and re-reading of all content to identify central ideas. The latter were then grouped according to similarity, forming units of meaning. Subsequently, the accounts that best represented the central ideas of each unit were identified and descriptive summaries were produced and grouped into categories. The internal validity of the data was assessed by independent researchers from the research team, undertaking exhaustive reading and interpretation to ensure reliability. Finally, in the data treatment stage the results were discussed based on the relevant literature, followed by inference and interpretation¹⁷, based on Henri Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory18-19. Developed between 1972 and 1981, the theory posits that social identity is an individual’s perception of belonging or not belonging to a certain group. It involves the construction of objects, events and people that are similar in physical, psychological, behavioral and other aspects that can be distinguished, counterposed and even conflicting. Permeated by motivational elements of the self-esteem of subjects, the perception of belonging is the most relevant aspect in the construction of identity18-21.
With regard to ethics, although the posts are accessible to all in the public domain, to ensure anonymity we used an identification code consisting of the word "User", followed by numbers in sequential order according to the data collection process, rendering the identification of individuals impossible, as required by National Health Council Resolution 510/2016. This approach dispenses with the need for ethical approval. However, it is important to emphasize that the study was conducted in strict compliance with national and internation ethical norms and standards.

Results
The initial search using "#homoparenting" yielded 846 posts. A total of 140 posts were selected after image and textual analysis and the application of the inclusion criteria. It is worth noting that these posts are from 84 publicly accessible profiles, which show considerable variations in number of followers, from 29 to 411,000. The latter belong to the account Universo LBTQIA+ (@universolbti), which publishes content related to the LGBT+ community. It is important to note that the differences in number of followers has a considerable impact on the volume de interactions related to the posts selected for analysis.
The profiles that made the posts selected for analysis had a wide range of origins and purposes, including accounts maintained by professionals such as psychologists, doctors and lawyers, as is the case with the profile @lgbt.advocacia, whose description emphasizes support to help the LGBTQIA+ community understand their rights. The sample also includes accounts linked to academic research groups, such as the Laboratory for Study, Research and Intervention in Development and Health (LEPIDS) at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (@lepids.ufrj).
The sample also included accounts created to disseminate information on academic projects, such as "Filhos da Diversidade" (Children of Diversity), developed by students at the Mackenzie Presbyterian University and addressing the theme "Same-sex couples and assisted reproduction in Brazil". The sample also included activist pages and personal profiles belonging to same-sex couples aimed at sharing their experiences with other Instagram users. Results comprising sensitive information with photos of children and their families were not included in the final dataset to protect their privacy. Only public and/or commercial profiles are therefore shown:
[...] @asduas.portres; @centropsicanalise; @centrosapienza; @clinicakleine; @clinicanidus; @clubpadresfelices; @cogsbear; @coracaoeadocao; @diversidadeparenting; @drbramalho @editoradialetica; @edupa_educacao_plena; @escolavinculos; @espacoquintaldavila; @familiaeponto; ; @filhosdadiversidade; @gay_resistencia; @hfobiaeinfancia; @humanamedicinareprodutiva; @ibdfamnucleofranca; @ideiafertilplural; @intradiverso; @lacosdafertilidade; @lepids.ufrj; @lgbt.advocacia; @lgbtpsb; @mama.e.mamae; @maternativa; @matriaparteira; @nascerdeduasmaes; @novageracaodefamilias; @ola.maternidade; @omissaodosjuizadospb; @papais_a_bordo; @pesquisaeposunivali; @psi_queer; @revistacienciaesaudecoletiva; @riodegraca; @rrtclinicadamulher; @sbrash_oficia;l @servicosocial.rj; @sith_cat; @tonsdaparenting; @universolgbti. Instagram®, 2023.
Box 1

The findings are presented within a theoretical framework based on a reflective thematization of the textual content and images relating to homoparenting as a public and social debate.
INITIAL GENERATIVE THEME 1: AFFIRMATION OF HOMOPARENTAL IDENTITIES IN DIGITAL SOCIAL NETWORKS
This initial generative theme, called “Showing our face on social media”: affirming homoparental identity on the Internet, consists of four themes that express the affirmation of Brazilian homoparental identities manifested in Instagram® posts. The respective findings are shown in Box 2, under the headings thematization, reflexive content derived from the data and images found together with the posted text.
Box 2

INITIAL GENERATIVE THEME 2: CONSTRUCTING AND STRENGTHENING THE SELF-CONCEPT OF HOMOPARENTAL IDENTITY
This initial generative theme, titled “Getting to know myself better”: elucidating the self-concept of homoparental identity, consists of four themes encompassing reflective content and imagens related to the concept of dual motherhood, constructions of same-sex parenting, the prominent focus on contraceptive methods, with doctors accounting for a vast share of content, and the presentation of the concept of the homoparental family, as constructed and socialized by Instagram® users.
Box 3

INITIAL GENERATIVE THEME 3: CHALLENGES IN MAINTAINING THE PRINCIPLES OF ACCEPTANCE OF HOMOPARENTAL IDENTITY

Titled “Feeling invisible, discriminated against, degraded, challenged”: when the principle of acceptance of identities is affected, initial generative theme 3 consists of five themes. The data point to a tensioning of the invisibilities of homoparenting, dilemmas experienced during homoparental pregnancy, experiences marked by the need to resort to legal recourse and/or legal debate of homoparenting in Brazil, and the discrimination pervading the lives of homoparental families.
Box 4

INITIAL GENERATIVE THEME 04: EXPANDING THE CONSTRUCTION OF IN-GROUP AND OUT-GROUP FOR THE PROMOTION OF HOMOPARENTAL IDENTITY

Titled “Making myself appear, mobilizing social media”: expanding the construction of the in-group and out-group homoparental identity to overcome adversities, the initial generative theme 4 consists of six themes; the political engagement of “families of diversity”; socialization among Instagram users of manifestations of mutual support in defense of homoparenting; the need for assistance and health care based on accounts of experiences in health services; the need for care; the need for advances in research about homoparenting problems in Brazil; and the need for advances in public policy on homoparenting.
Box 5

Discussion
The findings show an increase in the use of Instagram® to promote the affirmation of homoparental identities in Brazil. Despite challenges related to invisibility and obstacles to constructing self-concept and forming the homoparental identity group, the collective construction of this group propels algorithms and political mobilization in defense of family structures based on gender and sexual diversity, prompting and demanding transformation and change in the social structure and organization in Brazil in favor of parenting by non-heterosexual and non-cisgender people.
Expressing homoaffective identities in countries like Brazil, which has high levels of LGBTphobia, is challenging, unsafe and often life threatening. However, this study shows that, despite the spread of false information and hate speech against the expression of homoaffectivity, digital social networks provide a space for widespread discussion, enabling the construction of “prototypes” that reflect the characteristic representations of the configuration of social identities18-19 – in this case homoparentality. In this sense, the growth of social media has become part of everyday life, more especially among the younger population but also among the older population, who should be placed on the public health agenda.
Historically, the self-concept of the identity of LGBTQIAPN+ people has been threatened and marked by stigmatization, potentially leading to a negative construction of personal and group identity, which, upon losing its importance, is depersonalized towards the normativity of a group18-21. This problem can have certain implications, including the denial and erasure of the place of family formation and the (im)possibility of reproduction ― gestation. In this sense, the Social Identity Theory can help obtain a comprehensive and vigilant understanding of complex phenomena such as the propagation of the heterogeneity of social groups due to the diversity of identities in the world and the constant comparison of prototypes in the making – self-prototyping18-19.
The findings of this study reveal the broad scope of public debate on homoparenting, showing that social media is used as a tool for disseminating images of same-sex couples and families and the nuances, specificities and particularities of homoparental family dynamics, including the challenges encountered, which are largely associated with patriarchal, sexist and macho culture and the hypersexualization of homosexuals. This study also highlights the evolution of the terminology and concepts employed by Instagram users – “families of diversity”, “colorful families”, “dual motherhood”, “testers”; “homoaffectivity”, “plural families”, “familiation”; “shared womb”, “same-sex pregnancy”, among others – be they the main actors in the process or supporting actors propagating the topic and corroborating the construction of identities and pluralisms22.
With regard to content related to reproductive health, contraceptive methods gained prominence, with doctors accounting for a large proportion of content. Apart from fomenting debate on the specificities of undertaking artificial insemination, the latter also broker their services, including face-to-face and online medical appointments.
With regard to the legal dimension of homoparenting in Brazil, the debate has opened a new chapter in the history of one of the main milestones: same-sex marriage. In this respect, the far right articulated a movement to revoke same-sex marriage, introducing Bill 5167/0923 that sought to prohibit placing same-sex marriage on an equal footing with heterosexual marriage or family. Likewise, despite being on the verge of a major setback, homoparenting has been intensely debated recently on Instagram®, addressing new directions and problems related to the singularities of these families. Thanks to recent social progress and resolutions, same-sex couples now enjoy similar rights to heterosexual couples, especially when it comes to assisted reproduction.
In terms of imagery, representations of homoparenting focused mainly on white people. The findings reveal aesthetics frequently associated with the colors of the rainbow, with a greater focus on lesbian motherhood than same-sex parenting in general. Ethnic and gender diversity were not widely explored in the posts. In this respect, interventions to promote plural homoparenting should be underpinned by socio-anthropological, psychosocial and socio-educational foundations, giving special emphasis to the Social Identity Theory 18-19, symbolic interactionism24, and concepts of stigma25.
Brazilian legislation does not prevent adoption by same-sex couples – another prominent topic on Instagram highlighted by this study. However, as yet the country does not have a law explicitly granting same-sex couples the right to adoption, with this right being interpreted based on existing legal instruments and legal precedents. In the absence of specific regulations, the country\'s highest courts have granted these couples the right to adopt children or adolescents based on the constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination and the best interests of the child26. In this respect, it is important that interventions in the field of public health are developed in coordination with legal initiatives in order to strengthen support for the protection of fundamental rights and uphold social justice, including family health. The latter makes the involvement of health workers essential.
Interviews with same-sex couples showed that prejudice against these types of families comes from various sources, including the family of origin, religion and other social groups27. This prejudice is often ingrained in the adoption of one exclusive model of marriage or relationship that assumes the need for sexual duality. However, the key element that influences the formation of couples and families is affection, which is not limited exclusively to the concept of family created by legal and religious institutions. New perspectives on the formation and meaning of family have led to the reinterpretation of the traditional meaning of family and the creation of new forms of cohabiting in society27.
In line with the above, a study undertaken in Sweden investigating LGBTQ parents’ experiences of reproductive health care showed that respondents faced various heteronormative barriers in health services. These barriers have a significant impact on this community, including having to face judgement and mistreatment, emphasizing the prevalence of heteronormativity in health services28.
Exploring the possibilities and challenges of LGBTQIAPN+ parenting involves recognizing the patriarchal, sexist, homophobic and transphobic attitudes ingrained in Brazilian society and the influence of Judeo-Christian ideas on the traditional concept of family. This is illustrated by the current attempt to revoke same-sex marriage based on recent judicial decisions regarding situations that are not in compliance with the dominant traditional model29. Movements that challenge these outdated concepts therefore need to increase their visibility and continue the struggle for autonomy and acceptance of diversity.
Our findings also show that it is critical to improve social support, health care and legal services for homoparental families in Brazil to address their increasing health demands, including those related to the COVID-19 pandemic30. Furthermore, it is imperative to develop programs, strategic actions and public policies that recognize and value the diversity of family dynamics and reassess the concepts of family in the Brazilian context. The Social Identity Theory highlights the need to distinguish between concepts of group. While a sense of belonging to a group (in-group) is a positive characteristic in the construction of identity, other social groups (out-group) may position themselves as adversaries, being against the homoparental identity and self-concept. This is illustrated by the propagation of ideas that promote the concept of the "traditional Brazilian family"18-21.
This study has some limitations. First, we concentrated exclusively on data from Instagram®, which may not encompass the full scope opinions and experiences in Brazil. Second, the data cover a specific period, with the dynamics of social media undergoing constant evolution, limiting the generalizability of results to other periods.
However, bearing in mind the current social and political backdrop in Brazil, studies providing insights into public debate on homoparenting are of great relevance, especially when it comes to promoting the reduction of health inequalities. This type of research highlights how homoparental families address the challenges of maintaining their identity and promoting a more inclusive vision of family in Brazilian society, making valuable contributions to the development of public health policies and strategies that address the specific needs of these families, who lack consolidation of the identity processes needed to adhere to social groups18-19. Finally, this study highlights the capacity of homoparental families to construct virtual communities and influence public debate, promoting their identity.

Conclusion
This study examined the construction and affirmation of homoparental identity in Brazil based on Instagram® posts on the topic. The results reveal that the use of Instagram® as a medium to promote homoparental identity has increased in Brazil; however, challenges in the form of invisibility and obstacles to the construction of this identity remain.
Social media play a fundamental role in the dissemination of these identities and provide an important space for public debate on homoparenting, offering an enabling environment for the construction of the self-concept of homoparental identity. This is characterized by the socialization of narrative content, including the use of hashtags, emojis and images that explicitly promote diverse and plural family structures.
The posts emphasize reproductive health, especially contraceptive methods, with health professionals accounting for a significant proportion of these publications. Legal issues such as the recognition of same-sex parenting continue to be key concerns.
Challenges related to gender equality and sexuality are evident, with debates underway in Brazil on the revocation of same-sex marriage, highlighting the need to continue to combat discrimination and promote diversity in Brazilian society. Social media play a vital role in this process, despite the challenges posed by the spread of false information and hate speech. Research also confirms the presence of heteronormative barriers in health services, negatively impacting LGBTQIAPN+ families.
To overcome these challenges and promote a more inclusive society, it is essential to create programs, strategic actions and public policies that take into account the diversity and complexity of family dynamics, including a reassessment of the concept of family and promotion of judgement- and discrimination-free identity groups.

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